Neurodegeneration

Non-Invasive Biomarkers: Advancing Early Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

As the world population continues to age, neurodegenerative diseases pose an increasing health crisis. Recent advances in detecting biomarkers and novel diagnostic techniques have transformed the diagnosis of many of these conditions, yet early diagnosis and effective monitoring remain challenging. Emerging protocols that explore non-invasive biomarker sources—such as olfactory mucosa, skin, blood, and even circulating nucleic acids—can enhance accessibility and patient compliance. Nevertheless, challenges persist in standardizing sample collection, validating biomarker performance, and incorporating these tools into clinical practice.